8. Titles such as "king," "bishop," "senator," and "prime minister," when attached to a personal name, should be capitalized (e.g. Saint Martin. Senator Kennedy ). They should not, however, be capitalized if they are used as nouns unattached to personal names (e.g. According to Gregory, all bishops… ). 6. There is a difference between a hyphen (-) and an em dash (—). A hyphen joins two words, usually those in an adjectival phrase. An em dash represents a break in thought or a pause for emphasis; it is usually typed as two hyphens. For example: Nineteenth-century France experienced several different kinds of governments -- three republics, two empires, and two monarchies. The character between Nineteenth and century is a hyphen. The character between governments and three is an em dash. 10. Make sure that single nouns match single pronouns and verbs, and that plural nouns match plural pronouns and verbs. Consider these sentences: The conventions connected them to a national body of women who shared ideals and beliefs. It allowed them to work with black men. In this sentence, they should have been used instead of it. Another example: His first memories of slavery was… The word was should be were . 7. When you first discuss an author or historical figure, use first and last name. After this, you are free to use last name only. Do not, however, refer to historical figures by their first name; e.g. Karl Marx should be referred to as Marx. rather than Karl. This rule applies for women as well as men. Emily Dickinson should be called Dickinson rather than Mrs. Dickinson . 9. Avoid using anachronistic terms. Words like superstition , the masses. the people. nation. citizens. and countries can all be used to describe the modern world, but they are inappropriate for the pre-Modern period. For example, just as you would not describe twentieth-century France as a kingdom. you should not describe twelfth-century France as a nation . 3. Think carefully when you use the passive voice in favor of the active voice. Luther believed that… is better, clearer, and punchier than It was believed by Luther that…. and A.G. Bell invented the telephone is better than The telephone was invented by A.G. Bell. because Luther and Bell were acting rather than being acted upon. Still checking paper for plagiarism for students, people are acted upon as well as act example of article review essay, and events are caused as well as happen on their own accord. When you are attempting to express this free sample of thesis, by all means use the passive voice (e.g. Smith had been unemployed during the Depression. or Peasants had been removed from their lands during Enclosure ). 1. An academic essay attempts to address an intellectual problem or question. The first rule, therefore, of successful essay writing is making sure you are actually writing an essay on the topic or question your instructor has set before you, rather than some other, random question. 1. Writing does not depend on the possession of a muse. Instead, it is just plain, hard work. The more work you put into your essay, the better it will be. This means that the earlier you begin to start collecting information relevant to your paper and the sooner you begin thinking in general ways about the topic, the better your essay will be. 3. Essays also attempt to persuade. Having posed a question or problem in the first paragraph of your essay, and having stated your thesis, you then need to convince your reader of the validity of your position. In order to persuade, you need to argue in a logical fashion. 3. Write out all centuries (i.e. sixteenth century. not 16th century ). d. Fourth, to convince your reader that your thesis is correct, you must support your point of view with evidence. Use quotations and examples from your readings and from lectures to prove your points. 5. You also must hyphenate other pairs of words when using them as adjectives. For example, when African American is used as a noun (African Americans were long denied the right to serve on juries ), there is no hyphen. When it is used as an adjective (African-American men are often stopped without cause by the police ) there is a hyphen. The same rule applies to middle class. working class. or any other pair of words. When pairs of words act like nouns, they are not hyphenated; when they act like adjectives, they are. 6. Adjectives make for interesting writing, but they should be used sparingly. The Communist Manifesto was really, truly very much a work of ground-breaking importance is not as good as The Communist Manifesto was ground breaking . 3. Papers should be stapled. Paper clips, plastic clips, and ornamental binders should not be used. 3. Avoid contractions (e.g. don't. can't ) in a formal written piece of work. 8. Avoid beginning sentences and paragraphs with the word however. and never end a sentence with however . 2. On the other hand harvard business review case study free, do not use antiquated or obscure words that have been suggested to you by your computer's thesaurus, especially if you are not sure what these words mean. 4. When a century is used as an adjective — that is, as a phrase that describes a noun (i.e. sixteenth-century art ) — it is hyphenated. When a specific century is used as a noun (i.e. at the end of the sixteenth century ) it is not hyphenated. 5. Before you end a discussion of one major topic and begin another, it is important to summarize your findings and analyze their importance for your thesis. It is also necessary to write a transition to alert your reader that you have begun a new topic. Thus, if your thesis is hinged on three major points, you should spend a couple of pages on each point and write a transition paragraph between each section. Many Part II papers and Part I Themes and Sources options are also supported by Moodle. Students taking those papers will be enrolled by the paper convenor. While it might seem like this step creates more work for you by having to do more writing, it in fact serves two critical purposes: it helps you refine your working thesis by distilling exactly what your sources are saying, and it helps smooth your writing process. Having dissected your sources and articulated your ideas about them, you can more easily draw upon them when constructing your paper. Even if you do not have to do outside research and are limited to working with the readings you have done in class, annotating sources is still very useful. Write down exactly how a particular section in the textbook or in a primary source reader will contribute to your paper. Sometimes professors distribute prompts with several sub-questions surrounding the main question they want you to write about. The sub-questions are designed to help you think about the topic. They offer ideas you might consider, but they are not, usually, the key question or questions you need to answer in your paper. Make sure you distinguish the key questions from the sub-questions. Otherwise phd with no thesis, your paper may sound like a laundry list of short-answer essays rather than a cohesive argument. Remember, start revising at the global level. Once you are satisfied with your argument, move onto the local level. - Does the main argument in each body paragraph support my thesis? A helpful way to hone in on the key question is to look for action verbs, such as "analyze" or "investigate" or "formulate." Find such words in the paper prompt and circle them. Then, carefully consider what you are being asked to do. Write out the key question at the top of your draft and return to it often, using it to guide you in the writing process. Also, be sure that you are responding to every part of the prompt. Prompts will often have several questions you need to address in your paper. If you do not cover all aspects humour essays, then you are not responding fully to the assignment. For more information, visit our section, "Understanding Paper Prompts." 5. Identify your key sources (both primary and secondary) and annotate them. A particularly helpful exercise for global-level revision is to make a reverse outline, which will help you look at your paper as a whole and strengthen the way you have organized and substantiated your argument. Print out your draft and number each of the paragraphs. Then, on a separate piece of paper, write down each paragraph number and, next to it, summarize in a phrase or a sentence the main idea of that paragraph. As you produce this list, notice if any paragraphs attempt to make more than one point: mark those for revision. Once you have compiled the list, read it over carefully. Study the order in which you have sequenced your ideas. Notice if there are ideas that seem out of order or repetitive. Look for any gaps in your logic. Does the argument flow and make sense? An effective outline includes the following components: the research question from the prompt (that you wrote down in Step 1), your working thesis, the main idea of each body paragraph, and the evidence (from both primary and secondary sources) you will use to support each body paragraph. Be as detailed as you can when putting together your outline. - Do my topic sentences effectively introduce the main point of each paragraph? Steps for Writing a History Paper Before you even start researching or drafting, take a few minutes to consider what you already know about the topic. Make a list of ideas or draw a cluster diagram, using circles and arrows to connect ideas--whatever method works for you. At this point in the process, it is helpful to write down all of your ideas without stopping to judge or analyze each one in depth. You want to think big and bring in everything you know or suspect about the topic. After you have finished particle physics research papers, read over what you have created. Look for patterns or trends or questions that keep coming up. Based on what you have brainstormed essay on theme, what do you still need to learn about the topic? Do you have a tentative argument or response to the paper prompt? Use this information to guide you as you start your research and develop a thesis. When you are writing up the evidence in your draft, you need to appropriately cite all of your sources. Appropriate citation has two components. You must both follow the proper citation style in your footnotes and bibliography a paper writing, and document always but only when such documentation is required. Remember that you need to cite not just direct quotations are exams necessary opinion essay, but any ideas that are not your own. Inappropriate citation is considered plagiarism. For more information about how and when to cite essays on work life balance, visit our section on citations. Here is a checklist of questions to ask yourself while revising on both the global and local levels: - Does my thesis clearly state my argument and its significance?
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